A mathematician can be anyone from your middle school algebra teacher to a computer programmer. Some mathematicians primarily conduct research to explore and develop theories, while others are applied mathematicians who use theories and techniques to solve everyday problems. Theory is a huge part of a mathematician’s job. Mathematicians use formulas and models to support or refute theories. Data is also an important aspect in the field, as mathematicians analyze and interpret data for practical purposes, such as business, engineering or science decisions and problems. Common positions mathematicians fill include financial analysts, systems analysts, professors and elementary, middle and high school teachers.

"Teaching is the traditional path, but it certainly should not define us as mathematicians," says Freda Porter, who previously taught math courses, including applied mathematics and calculus, at University of North Carolina at Pembroke and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "I was pretty happy teaching. Very happy with just watching the lights go on with students." However, she says, "I knew I needed something extra for myself." Porter is now president and chief executive officer at Porter Scientific, an environmental consulting and professional services company in Pembroke, North Carolina.

The profession’s versatility also influences job growth. Individuals and companies continue to adapt to an age of innovative technology, increasingly operating business online and through social media, smartphones and other devices. Digitally stored data is growing, and companies will need mathematicians to analyze that data to improve processes, design and create products. During a time of uncertainty regarding cyber security, mathematicians will also be needed to help information security analysts develop data security systems.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 2.2% employment growth for mathematicians between 2022 and 2032. In that period, an estimated 100 jobs should open up.

According to the BLS, a master’s degree in mathematics is ideal, especially for mathematicians interested in working in the private sector. However, aspiring mathematicians with bachelor’s degrees can qualify for some federal government jobs, and individuals who pair the degree with a state certification can often teach middle or high school mathematics courses.

Porter, who holds a doctorate in applied mathematical and computational sciences, says a doctorate is typically only necessary for research positions. But she does recommend studying subjects beyond mathematics. "It’s stronger when it has another supporting cast member, like computer science," she says.